Pipe age and condition, soil condition, pipe material and pressure changes in the water system can all play a part in a water main breaks, but one of the biggest causes is freezing temperatures.
Cold temperatures in the winter cause water mains to contract and in the spring warmer temperatures cause pipes to expand. In some cases, especially with cast iron pipes where there is very little flexibility, this is enough to cause a break in the water main. The freeze-thaw cycle in the spring can also cause the ground to shift which contributes to water main breaks.